%PDF-1.4 % 1 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 1 /Kids [ 2 0 R ] >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 1 0 R /Resources << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] /Font << /QuickPDFFfdd1ac49 76 0 R /QuickPDFF4c2b886f 118 0 R >> >> /Contents [ 5 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R /Metadata 119 0 R >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Producer (Debenu Quick PDF Library 11.15 \(www.debenu.com\)) /Creator (Debenu Quick PDF Library 11.15 \(www.debenu.com\)) /CreationDate (D:20220919115536+02'00') /ModDate (D:20220919115536+02'00') >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Length 3172 /LC /iSQP >> stream 0 Tr /QuickPDFF4c2b886f 14 Tf 0 0 0 rg 100 Tz 0 Tw 0 Tc 0 Ts BT 1 0 0 1 76.3818 770.8329 Tm (Impacts of In-stream Sand Mining on the River Geometry in Aleto Eleme,)Tj 1 0 0 1 261.2868 752.1709 Tm (Rivers State)Tj ET /QuickPDFF4c2b886f 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 194.8208 717.2179 Tm (Jereimiah Uriah and Chima Ogba \(Nigeria\))Tj ET /QuickPDFF4c2b886f 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 675.188 Tm 14.663 TL (Key words: )' ET /QuickPDFFfdd1ac49 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 141.7323 675.188 Tm 14.454 TL (Coastal Zone Management; Land distribution; Land management; Land readjustment;)' (Mine surveying; Minning,Land Readjustment, Land Distrubution and Marine Cadastre.)' ET /QuickPDFF4c2b886f 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 632.6683 Tm 14.663 TL (SUMMARY)' ET /QuickPDFFfdd1ac49 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 604.3219 Tm 14.454 TL (Abstract)' ()' (Sand is a free gift of nature. It is available in wetlands, rivers, creeks, streams and dry land. It demands is)' (constantly on the increase and the search for sand also increased. They are used for the construction of roads,)' (buildings, bridges, land reclamation etc. In-stream sand mining modifies the natural geometry of the river.)' (The modifications may be on both length and width which can be study using remote sensing and GIS)' (techniques. In this study, NDWI was utilized to study changes in river geometry due to sand mining in Aleto)' (Eleme River. The study was carried out using six epochs \(2000, 2005, 2013, 2015, 2018 and 2021\) of)' (Landsat imageries. The selected Landsat image was the L1 which has been corrected for geometric)' (distortions. Landsat data was converted from grey value to radiance image using the algorithms specified in)' (the Landsat metadata. Green and near infrared bands of each epochs were used to compute NDWI. The)' (results of the analysis revealed that NDWI of water bodies are 0.20 0.35, 0.20 0.32, 0.24 0.41, 0.22 )' (0.35, 0.22 0.37 and 0.27 0.36 for the year 2000, 2005, 2013, 2015, 2018 and 2021 respectively. It is)' (water if NDWI > 0.20 and non-water if < 0.20. Also, there is general increased in water body due to sand)' (mining. In 2000 the width of the river was 122m in the west but increased to 146m in the year 2013. The)' (width increased to 152m in the west and 309m in the east in 2015. Also, it increases in width to 360m in the)' (west and 515m eastward in 2021. The length of the river also increased from 1071m in 2000 to 3337m in)' (2021. NDWI is an effective remote sensing and GIS tool in mapping changes in water geometry. Further)' (study should compare manual extraction of river boundary using high spatial resolution satellite image with)' (the results of NDWI.)' ET /QuickPDFFfdd1ac49 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 150.7097 Tm 13.14 TL (__________________________________________________________________________________________)' ()' (Impacts of In-stream Sand Mining on the River Geometry in Aleto Eleme, Rivers State \(11350\))' (Jereimiah Uriah and Chima Ogba \(Nigeria\))' ()' (FIG Congress 2022)' (Volunteering for the future - Geospatial excellence for a better living)' (Warsaw, Poland, 1115 September 2022)' ET endstream endobj 6 0 obj << /Length 316 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xMRKnCAۿSpk`y^Uu[jIɒT%C/:b}Rx\%=
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